Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, Martinez FJ, Behr J, Brown KK. Infantile Onset Spinocerebellar Ataxia (IOSCA) 29 Twinkle (c10orf2); Chromosome 10q24.31; Recessive Epidemiology: Finnish families higher frequency, Korean.![]()
Large Text Compression Benchmark. Matt Mahoney Last update: Nov. This competition ranks lossless data compression programs by the compressed size. ![]() ![]() ![]() An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence- based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Frankel SK, Schwarz MI. Update in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Patel NM, Lederer DJ, Borczuk AC, Kawut SM. Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Fishman A, Elias J, Fishman J, Grippi M, Senior R, Pack A. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ![]() Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders. The Mc. Graw- Hill Companies, Inc.; 2. Martinez FJ, Flaherty K. Pulmonary function testing in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: prognostic value of changes in physiology and six- minute- walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia: imaging diagnosis, spectrum of abnormalities, and temporal progression. Orens JB, Estenne M, Arcasoy S, et al. International guidelines for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2. Pulmonary Scientific Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. This joint statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) was adopted by the ATS board of directors, June 2. ERS Executive Committee, June 2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Ley B, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Kim DS, Collard HR, King TE Jr. Classification and natural history of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Histologic spectrum of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis- -new insights. IPF: new insight on pathogenesis and treatment. Thannickal VJ, Horowitz JC. Evolving concepts of apoptosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Diminished prostaglandin E2 contributes to the apoptosis paradox in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Armanios MY, Chen JJ, Cogan JD, et al. Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Seibold MA, Wise AL, Speer MC, Steele MP, Brown KK, Loyd JE. A common MUC5. B promoter polymorphism and pulmonary fibrosis. Wang XM, Zhang Y, Kim HP, et al. Caveolin- 1: a critical regulator of lung fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Incidence, prevalence, and clinical course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a population- based study. Incidence and prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Olson AL, Swigris JJ, Lezotte DC, Norris JM, Wilson CG, Brown KK. Mortality from pulmonary fibrosis increased in the United States from 1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Ascertainment of individual risk of mortality for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Ley B, Ryerson CJ, Vittinghoff E, et al. A Multidimensional Index and Staging System for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. Fang A, Studer S, Kawut SM, Ahya VN, Lee J, Wille K. Elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure Is a Risk Factor for Primary Graft Dysfunction Following Lung Transplantation for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Flaherty KR, Thwaite EL, Kazerooni EA, et al. Radiological versus histological diagnosis in UIP and NSIP: survival implications. Prognostic factors in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Kinder BW, Brown KK, Schwarz MI, Ix JH, Kervitsky A, King TE Jr. Baseline BAL neutrophilia predicts early mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Kinder BW, Brown KK, Mc. Cormack FX, et al. Serum surfactant protein- A is a strong predictor of early mortality in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome in relation to smoking status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Lancaster LH, Mason WR, Parnell JA, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The genetic approach in pulmonary fibrosis: can it provide clues to this complex disease? Danazol Treatment for Telomere Diseases. Wootton SC, Kim DS, Kondoh Y, et al. Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Forced vital capacity in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test properties and minimal clinically important difference. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Swigris JJ, Swick J, Wamboldt FS, et al. Heart rate recovery after 6- min walk test predicts survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Six- minute- walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: test validation and minimal clinically important difference. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Ohshimo S, Bonella F, Cui A, et al. Significance of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Lee JS, Ryu JH, Elicker BM, Lydell CP, Jones KD, Wolters PJ, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: new guidelines released. Medscape Medical News. Available at http: //www. July 1. 7,2. 01. 5; Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, Garcia CA, Azuma A, et al. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline: Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Update of the 2. Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Kozower BD, Meyers BF, Smith MA, et al. The impact of the lung allocation score on short- term transplantation outcomes: a multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Weiss ES, Allen JG, Merlo CA, Conte JV, Shah AS. Survival after single versus bilateral lung transplantation for high- risk patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Schaffer JM, Singh SK, Reitz BA, Zamanian RT, Mallidi HR. Single- vs double- lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis since the implementation of lung allocation based on medical need. Hyzy R, Huang S, Myers J, Flaherty K, Martinez F. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Behr J, Kolb M, Cox G. Treating IPF- -all or nothing? Demedts M, Behr J, Buhl R, et al. High- dose acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Prednisone, Azathioprine, and N- Acetylcysteine for Pulmonary Fibrosis. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Clinical Alert: Commonly Used Three- Drug Regimen for Pulmonary Fibrosis Found Harmful. NIH Stops One Treatment Arm of Trial; Other Two Treatments to Continue. National Institutes of Health. Available at http: //www. A placebo- controlled trial of interferon gamma- 1b in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Raghu G, Brown KK, Costabel U, et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with etanercept: an exploratory, placebo- controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. King TE Jr, Albera C, Bradford WZ, et al. Effect of interferon gamma- 1b on survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (INSPIRE): a multicentre, randomised, placebo- controlled trial. King TE Jr, Behr J, Brown KK, et al. BUILD- 1: a randomized placebo- controlled trial of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. The Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network, Zisman DA, Schwarz M, Anstrom KJ, Collard HR, Flaherty KR. A controlled trial of sildenafil in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G, Azuma A, Brown KK, Costabel U, et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Richeldi L, Costabel U, Selman M, et al. Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Noble PW, Albera C, Bradford WZ, et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. King TE Jr, Bradford WZ, Castro- Bernardini S, Fagan EA, Glaspole I, Glassberg MK, et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Azuma A, Nukiwa T, Tsuboi E, et al. Double- blind, placebo- controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. Taniguchi H, Ebina M, Kondoh Y, et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Available at http: //www. Accessed: May 3, 2. The History of Hypnosis. The history of hypnosis is full of contradictions. On the one hand, a history of hypnosis is a bit like a history of breathing. Like breathing, hypnosis is an inherent and universal trait, shared and experienced by all human beings since the dawn of time. On the other hand, it’s only in the last few decades that we’ve come to realise that! Hypnosis itself hasn’t changed for millennia, but our understanding of it and our ability to control it has changed quite profoundly. The history of hypnosis, then, is really the history of this change in perception. In the 2. 1st century, there are still those who see hypnosis as some form of occult power. Those who believe that hypnosis can be used to perform miracles or control minds are, of course, simply sharing the consensus view that prevailed for centuries. Recorded history is full of tantalising glimpses of rituals and practices that look very much like hypnosis from a modern perspective, from the “healing passes” of the Hindu Vedas to magical texts from ancient Egypt. These practices tend to be for magical or religious purposes, such as divination or communicating with gods and spirits. It’s important to remember, however, that what we see as occultism was the scientific establishment of its day, with exactly the same purpose as modern science – curing human ills and increasing knowledge. From a Western point of view, the decisive moment in the history of hypnosis occurred in the 1. Century (coinciding with the Enlightenment and the Age of Reason). The work of Franz Mesmer, amongst others, can be seen as both the last flourish of “occult” hypnosis and the first flourish of the “scientific” viewpoint. Mesmer was the first to propose a rational basis for the effects of hypnosis. Although we now know that his notion of “animal magnetism”, transferred from healer to patient through a mysterious etheric fluid, is hopelessly wrong, it was firmly based on scientific ideas current at the time, in particular Isaac Newton’s theories of gravitation. Mesmer was also the first to develop a consistent method for hypnosis, which was passed on to and developed by his followers. It was still a very ritualistic practice. Mesmer himself, for instance, liked to perform mass inductions by having his patients linked together by a rope, along which his “animal magnetism” could pass. He was also fond of dressing up in a cloak and playing ethereal music on the glass harmonica whilst this was happening. The popular image of the hypnotist as a charismatic and mystical figure can be firmly dated to this time. Inevitably, these magical trappings led to Mesmer’s downfall, and for a long time, hypnotism was a dangerous interest to have for anybody looking for a mainstream career. Nevertheless, the stubborn fact remained that hypnosis worked, and the 1. Century is characterised by individuals seeking to understand and apply its effects. Surgeons and physicians like John Elliotson and James Esdaille pioneered its use in the medical field, risking their reputation to do so, whilst researchers like James Braid began to peel away the obscuring layers of mesmerism, revealing the physical and biological truths at the heart of the phenomenon. Thanks to their persistence and efforts, by the end of the century hypnosis was accepted as a valid clinical technique, studied and applied in the great universities and hospitals of the day. This trend continued into the 2. Century, although in some ways, hypnosis became imprisoned by its own respectability, as it became mired in endless academic debate about “state” or “non- state”. This conundrum – does hypnosis have a real, physical basis, or not? Important shifts were happening elsewhere, however. First of all, the centre of hypnotic gravity moved from Europe to America, where all the most significant breakthroughs of the 2. Secondly, hypnosis became a popular phenomenon, something that was increasingly available to the layman, outside of the laboratory or clinic. At the same time, the style of hypnosis changed, from a direct instruction issued by an authoritarian figure (a legacy of the charismatic mesmerist) to a more indirect and permissive style of trance induction, based on subtly persuasive language patterns. This was largely due to the work of therapists such as Milton H. Erickson. More importantly, perhaps, hypnosis became increasingly practical, and regarded as a useful tool for easing psychological distress and bringing about profound change in a variety of situations. This theme has continued up to the present day. Advances in neurological science and brain imaging, together with the work of British psychologists Joe Griffin and Ivan Tyrrell who linked hypnosis to the Rapid Eye Movement (REM), have also helped to resolve the “state/non- state” debate, bringing hypnosis and hypnotic trance firmly into the realm of everyday experience. At the same time, the nature of “ordinary” consciousness is better understood as a series of trance states that we go into and out of all the time. The history of hypnosis, then, is like the search for something that was in plain view all along, and we can now see it for what it is – a universal phenomenon that’s an inextricable part of being human. The future of hypnosis will be to fully realise the incredible potential of our natural hypnotic abilities. An error occurred while setting your user cookie. Please set your. browser to accept cookies to continue. This cookie stores just a. ID; no other information is captured. Accepting the NEJM cookie is. Page. 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